Gratuit et sans pub ! In the 13th century, the solid rocket motor was invented in China. period. "[53], An independent study commissioned by the California Electric Transportation Coalition (CalETC) and conducted by the Green Car Institute and the Dohring Company automotive market research firm found very different results. 2.0L DOHC. Backordered. Web2001 Ford Windstar cargo van. 2005 Ford escape It it now has 200k miles and still running STRONG! It enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on a previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was not available. Ford uses Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) oil in their R-134a systems. Some engines convert heat from noncombustive processes into mechanical work, for example a nuclear power plant uses the heat from the nuclear reaction to produce steam and drive a steam engine, or a gas turbine in a rocket engine may be driven by decomposing hydrogen peroxide. [90] The Spark EV was discontinued in December 2016, when Chevrolet began selling the Bolt. The EV1 program was initially administered by a GM engineer named Kenneth Baker, who had been the lead on the Electrovette program in the 1970s. [6] During the discontinuation, film director Francis Ford Coppola hid his EV1 from General Motors and was ultimately able to keep it. National Museum of American History, Behring Center, in Washington, D.C. Transverse front-motor, front-wheel drive, American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Commissioner of Environmental Conservation, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States Advanced Battery Consortium, Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries, List of production battery electric vehicles, "Compare Old and New Fuel Economy Estimates", "20 Truths About the GM EV1 Electric Car", "At Witz' End: GM EV1 The Real Story, Part III", "Owners charged up over electric cars, but manufacturers have pulled the plug", "Why is a GM EV1 Rotting in an Atlanta Parking Garage? That year, a modified Impact set a land speed record for production electric vehicles of 183mph (295km/h). rockets, deeply submerged submarines) need to carry an additional fuel component called the oxidizer (although there exist super-oxidizers suitable for use in rockets, such as fluorine, a more powerful oxidant than oxygen itself); or the application needs to obtain heat by non-chemical means, such as by means of nuclear reactions. The largest internal combustion engine ever built is the Wrtsil-Sulzer RTA96-C, a 14-cylinder, 2-stroke turbocharged diesel engine that was designed to power the Emma Mrsk, the largest container ship in the world when launched in 2006. Speed refers to crankshaft rotation in piston engines and the speed of compressor/turbine rotors and electric motor rotors. E150-350 vans. Thrust-producing engines, such as turbofans, turbojets and rockets emit the greatest amount of noise due to the way their thrust-producing, high-velocity exhaust streams interact with the surrounding stationary air. In 1206, al-Jazari employed a crank-conrod system for two of his water-raising machines. Excursion. Efficiency is a measure of how much fuel is wasted in producing power. [41] As a result, GM offered Gen I drivers the opportunity to terminate their lease at no charge,[42][43] or the chance to transfer the lease to one of the remaining 150 second-generation EV1sahead of those already on the waiting list for Gen II models. [75], The EV1 charged using the Magne Charge inductive charging paddle produced by the General Motors subsidiary Delco Electronics. Engines of similar (or even identical) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving combustion; but are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as external thermal engines. The working fluid can be a gas as in a Stirling engine, or steam as in a steam engine or an organic liquid such as n-pentane in an Organic Rankine cycle. Without keyless entry/start. Drive Ratio 4.10. [49] In addition, the cost of maintaining a parts supply and service infrastructure for the 15-year minimum required by the state of California meant that existing leases would not be renewed, and all the cars would have to be returned to GM's possession. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine produces motion and usable work. Wide Track Front Suspension. [58] The mandate was modified, with the zero-emission requirement reduced to at least 250 fuel cell or battery-powered vehicles by 2008. 1 auto company. Optimal combustion efficiency in passenger vehicles is reached with a coolant temperature of around 110C (230F).[17]. [citation needed] Since GM did not offer consumers the option to purchase at the end of the lease, the car's residual value was never established, making it impossible to determine the actual full purchase price or replacement value. Diesel engines produce lower hydrocarbon and CO2 emissions, but greater particulate and NOx pollution, than gasoline engines. WebThe General Motors EV1 was an electric car produced and leased by General Motors from 1996 to 1999. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be more ancient. WebThis Service uses Car-Part Interchange By clicking on "SEARCH" you agree to Terms. Critics further charged that when CARB, in response to the EV1, mandated that electric vehicles make up a certain percentage of all automakers' sales, GM came to fear that the EV1 might encourage unwanted regulation in other states. Medieval Muslim engineers employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams as a source of water power to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. The batteries were replaced with two CNG tanks capable of maximum operating pressure of 3000psi. F250 pick-up. The parallel hybrid variant featured a de-stroked 1.3 L turbocharged DTI diesel engine (Isuzu Circle L), delivering 75hp (56kW), installed in the trunk along with an additional 6.5hp (4.8kW) DC motor/generator; the two motors drove the rear wheels through an electronically controlled transaxle. Are you looking for Ford Refrigerant Capacity and type? The electrical energy efficiency of a typical industrial induction motor can be improved by: 1) reducing the electrical losses in the stator windings (e.g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor, improving the winding technique, and using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper), 2) reducing the electrical losses in the rotor coil or casting (e.g., by using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper), 3) reducing magnetic losses by using better quality magnetic steel, 4) improving the aerodynamics of motors to reduce mechanical windage losses, 5) improving bearings to reduce friction losses, and 6) minimizing manufacturing tolerances. The NiMH batteries, rated at 77amp-hours at 343volts (26.4kWh), gave the cars a range of 160 miles (257km) per charge, more than twice what the original Gen I cars could drive with. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din[11] in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca[12] in 1629.[13]. Earlier automobile engine development produced a much larger range of engines than is in common use today. The EV-1 seated two people. 50 State Emissions. [citation needed] A number of manufacturers have introduced hybrid engines, mainly involving a small gasoline engine coupled with an electric motor and with a large battery bank, these are starting to become a popular option because of their environment awareness. The operation of engines typically has a negative impact upon air quality and ambient sound levels. [13], In the aftermath of the program, reactions to the cancellation of the EV1 continued to be mixed. According to Strabo, a water-powered mill was built in Kaberia of the kingdom of Mithridates during the 1st century BC. Examples include: An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, usually through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. In general, thermoacoustic engines can be divided into standing wave and travelling wave devices. Thrust is the force exerted on an airplane as a consequence of its propeller or jet engine accelerating the air passing through it. 10.50 ring gear. Single rear wheels. Car-Part.com Car-Part.com Research, compare, and save listings, or contact sellers directly from 10,000+ Escape models nationwide. [83][84][85] In addition, all manufacturers seeking to produce electric cars for market consumption also benefited from matching government funds committed to the United States Advanced Battery Consortium. presents evidence that GM stuck with plans to cancel and scrap the car, despite apparent public interest. WebShop here for bmw autoparts. Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest news & deals! Soon after the rollout of the second-generation cars, the originally intended nickelmetal hydride (NiMH) "Ovonic" battery pack, which reduced the car's curb weight to 2,908lb (1,319kg), entered production. [87] The turbine could run on a number of high-octane[citation needed] alternative fuels, from octane-boosted gasoline to compressed natural gas. Crew cab. GM also offered a 120 V AC convenience charger that could be used with any standard North America power socket to slow-charge the battery pack. The Elec-Taurus later re-appears in the video games The Simpsons: Road Rage and The Simpsons: Hit & Run. iii. 2015-19. Standard brakes. Lessees were not given the option to purchase their cars from GM, which cited parts, service, and liability regulations. Chemical heat engines which employ air (ambient atmospheric gas) as a part of the fuel reaction are regarded as airbreathing engines. The models included diesel/electric parallel hybrid, gas turbine/electric series hybrid, fuel cell/electric version and compressed natural gas low emission internal combustion engine version. The car was powered by 32 leadacid rechargeable batteries. 1966 Nova Center Console Shift Select 700R4, GM Exhaust Heat Riser for Small Block Chevy, Edelbrock Exhaust Valve Guide Big Block Chevy Part Number: 350-9703, Aeroquip AN to NPT Adapter Fittings FBM2012, Aeroquip -16an to 1 Pipe 45 Degree Male Elbow, GM Quadrajet Base Gaskets and Phenolic Spacer Combo, 8796 Ford pick up trailer light wiring kit number 74181, 1958 to 1968 SBC 7 Water Pump Pulley # 3788472 CG, 16" K&N Flow Control Air Cleaner Part# 61-4520, Parking Light Lenses Clear Mustang 1967-1968, BendPak XPR-15 Extended Lift Columns and Cables and Hydraulic Hose, 69-78 BIG BLOCK GM CHEVY NOVA CAMARO SINGLE GROOVE WATER PUMP PULLEY 3, BBC GM 3 groove crank Pulley Chevrolet GM# 458530CA, SBC Moroso Die Cast Aluminum Valve Covers, new rack and pinion assembly 1991 Bonneville, OEM 1965 Impala/Bel Air Original Steel Hood, 1998-2002 Toyota Corolla Passenger Door Handle, 12V, Solenoid, Motor, Relay Part# 1304719, 1998-2001 Toyota Corrolla Complete Passenger Side Headlight W/ Bulb, Small Block Chevrolet Rocker Arm and Stud Combo, Cadillac 429,TH 400 Transmission Core W/Long Tail shaft, CHEVY IMPALA COWL PANEL VENT WIPER SCREEN VALANCE, Buick Grand National OEM Exhaust Manifolds W/Cross pipe, OER 1962-67 Chevrolet Nova Passenger Door Sill Plate, 1966 Mustang 289 Two Barrel Intake Manifold, 1995-97 Honda Accord Headlight/ Grill Combo, 2004 and others Chevrolet 5.3 L Air Cleaner Assembly W/K&N Filter, 1962-67 Nova/Chevy II Firewall Insulation Pad, 99-02 Toyota Corolla Inside Door Handle Combo, 1986 1987 Buick Grand National GNX MAF Mass Air Flow Sensor GM 2500786, K&N Flow Control Air Cleaner for Dominator Carbs 14'' x 4.5'', CHEVY CAMARO SS *NEW*GM*OEM* MUFFLERS &TIPS, Autel MK906BT Professional OBD2 bi-directional all systems scantool, Rebuilt Ford 5.4 and install. Ford Parts are the Only parts designed and built to the specific Standards of Ford Motor Company and are the Only parts recommended for Fusion, Milan. A well-designed motor can convert over 90% of its input energy into useful power for decades. With power locks. With automated park sys. 2wd. Improving on the design of the 1712 Newcomen steam engine, the Watt steam engine, developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775, was a great step in the development of the steam Some motors are powered by potential or kinetic energy, for example some funiculars, gravity plane and ropeway conveyors have used the energy from moving water or rocks, and some clocks have a weight that falls under gravity. A single tank of diesel fuel could keep the car running for 550 miles (890km) with a fuel economy of 80mpgUS (2.9L/100km; 96mpgimp). Expedition. [94], "EV1" redirects here. From 12/03/07. [39], Over the next two years, approximately 200 Gen I EV1s were refitted with NiMH batteries and re-issued to their original lessees on revised two-year leases, including a new limited-mileage clause. However, according to a front-page article in The New York Times, GM was less than pleased with the prospect of having developed a successful electric car: General Motors is preparing to put its electric vehicle act on the road, and planning for a flop. Drive Gear Shift Assembly, Gearshift Housing, Selector Shaft Assembly. There has been a growing emphasis on the pollution producing features of automotive power systems. 2wd. How GM plans to fight back", "GM to HIT University up with Legal Action over EV-1 that Runs", "General Motors Miraculously Surviving Electric Car Found In A Parking Lot May Be The Last EV1 In The World", "There's an Ultra-Rare GM EV1 Abandoned in an Atlanta Parking Garage", "Performance Characterization GM EV1 Panasonic Lead Acid Battery", "Plug-in Hybrids: What's the Big Deal? Furthermore, there is a lookup table to help you find what you need quickly. Need Explorer Repair and Maintenance Parts? Corsair. Leasing rates for the EV1 ranged from $399 to $549 a month. Some motor units can have multiple sources of energy. Overhead camshafts were frequently employed. 3.5l. The system consisted of a fuel processor, an expander/compressor and the fuel cell stack. 4.56 ratio. On June 28, GM famously refused the offer and returned the checks, which totaled $22,000;[46] By contrast, Honda, which had taken similar actions with its EV+ program, agreed to extend its customers' leases. [72] This EV1 is more or less complete, save for a missing battery pack and drive unit. [23][24] Driver response to the cars was favorable, as were reviews by the automotive press. Continuance of the use of the internal combustion engine for automobiles is partly due to the improvement of engine control systems (onboard computers providing engine management processes, and electronically controlled fuel injection). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. passed a mandate that made the production and sale of zero-emissions vehicles (ZEV) a requirement for the seven major automakers selling cars in the United States to continue to market their vehicles in California. [8] EV1 lessees were officially participants in a "real-world engineering evaluation" and market study into the feasibility of producing and marketing a commuter electric vehicle in select U.S. markets undertaken by GM's Advanced Technology Vehicles group. 122.5 wheelbase, ford. The institutions came under fire from General Motors for violating the agreements of the donation, which indicated that the cars not be "titled, licensed, nor driven on public highways" and could only be restored and showcased. [82] GM stated the cost of the EV1 program at slightly less than $500 million before marketing costs, and over $1 billion in total, although a portion of this cost was defrayed by the Clinton Administration's $1.25 billion Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) program. price somewhere else, 1 POINT PER $1 SPENT E-350 Super Duty. Electric motors are ubiquitous, being found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. If it is viewed as an attempt to produce a viable EV product, then it was a success, although certainly from GM's perspective the vehicle was not a commercial success, since the high profit margins typically seen with internal combustion engine vehicles remained elusive. The decision to mass-produce an electric car came after GM received a The Henney Kilowatt, which ended production in 1961, was the last time a feasible production electric car of any sort had been released; GM's own Electrovair and Electrovette of 1966 and 1976, respectively, never reached production, amounting to little more than conceptual electric conversion kits for the automaker's popular gasoline models. Puts Electric Car to Test", "An Electric Start Media, Billboards, Web Site Herald Launch of the EV1", "G.M., in a First, Will Sell a Car Designed for Electric Power This Fall", "Trying to Pull the Plug: Big Oil Companies Sponsor Efforts to Curtail Electric, Natural Gas Cars", "Who Killed the Electric Car: GM and Chevron", "EVWORLD FEATURE: EV1 Electric Car Timeline: Historic timeline of life and death of GM's EV1 electric car | EV1 Development History | Personal perspective of Dr. Frank Jamerson on EV1 electric car", "EV 1 Program and Lease Policy Changes, page 1 (letter sent to EV1 lessees)", "EV 1 Program and Lease Policy Changes, page 2 (letter sent to EV1 lessees)", "GM: Hybrids, Fuel Cells, and the Lawyers", "Open House at RTC for GM's 100th Anniversary", "Fans of GM Electric Car Fight the Crusher", "Amendments to the California Zero Emission Vehicle Program Regulations Final Statement of Reasons", "Toyota is on track to pass General Motors this year as the world's No. [6] The majority of the EV1s taken back were crushed, with about 40 delivered to museums and educational institutes with their electric powertrains deactivated, under the agreement that the cars were not to be reactivated and driven on the road. F350. WebShop for Genuine Ford Explorer Parts that Fit. A footnote in Microsoft's submission to the UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has let slip the reason behind Call of Duty's absence from the Xbox Game Pass library: Sony and Differential Ring And Pinion, Gear And Pinion Assembly Driving. Its best to follow the right amount and type used for your vehicle. It didn't affect profitability, but it did affect image. Automated Parking System. 49 State Emissions. Pneumatic motors have found widespread success in the hand-held tool industry and continual attempts are being made to expand their use to the transportation industry. There were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two- and four-cylinder makes too. R-12 was considered as being exceedingly harmful to our environment. Search by Part Number(s), Keywords, or VIN. Selection of product and payment all [24], Stirling engines can be another form of non-combustive heat engine. Microsoft also offers a multi-game subscription service, Please contact an OEMFord.parts representative to verify any information. Enter Your VIN for Ford Exact Match Parts. Apart from the different energy source, the engine is often engineered much the same as an internal or external combustion engine. Comfort improvements included a keyless entry and ignition system, a special one-way thermal glass for better heat rejection on sunny days, an automated tire pressure loss warning system, electric power steering, and a time-programmable HVAC system. "[64] Wagoner repeated this assertion during an NPR interview after the December 2008 Senate hearings on the U.S. auto industry bailout request.[65]. To reduce the electric energy consumption from motors and their associated carbon footprints, various regulatory authorities in many countries have introduced and implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher efficiency electric motors. Within the framework of GM's vehicle electrification strategy,[89] and following the US market introduction of the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid vehicle in late 2010, the Chevrolet Spark EV was released in June 2013 as the first all-electric passenger car marketed by General Motors in the U.S. since the EV1 was discontinued in 1999. The series hybrid prototype had a gas turbine engine APU placed in the trunk. One industry official said that each EV1 cost the company about US$80,000, including research, development and other associated costs;[81] other estimates placed the vehicle's actual cost as high as $100,000. $125. [31], At the hearings, the automakers also presented the hydrogen vehicle as a better alternative to the gasoline car, bolstered by a recent federal earmark for hydrogen research. The EV-1 did not include a key to unlock and lock the vehicle, though one could be provided if the driver required one. "La documentazione essenziale per l'attribuzione della scoperta", Hillier's Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology, Book 1, "Columbia encyclopedia: Internal combustion engine", "Numerical thermodynamic model of alpha-type Stirling engine", Animated illustrations of various engines, 5 Ways to Redesign the Internal Combustion Engine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engine&oldid=1130511349, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 December 2022, at 14:37. WebThe Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. Focus. Simple machines, such as the club and oar (examples of the lever), are prehistoric. By the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times. The car's smooth shape, waterfall tail and rear fender skirts gave it a distinctive appearance. WebMazda Protg and Cars 1990-1998 and Ford Probe 1993-1997 Wiring Diagrams Repair Guide. This can help him share his expertise and experience with others and learn more from them. Plus, we offer up to 35% off on many Genuine Explorer Parts and Accessories. Left. While one of the first EV1 TV spots was nominated for an Emmy Award, later advertising was limited to direct mail and print and TV ads in niche channels. [18], On March 2, 2000, GM issued a recall for 450 Gen I EV1s. Your email address will not be published. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and high pressure gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to components of the engine, such as the pistons or turbine blades or a nozzle, and by moving it over a distance, generates mechanical work.[18][19][20][21]. However, this chemical is still available in limited quantities. However, the original steam engines, such as those by Thomas Savery, were not mechanical engines but pumps. A refrigerant is a chemical compound formulated to convert hot air into cold air. "[52], Critics of GM and proponents of electric vehicles claim that GM feared the emergence of electrical vehicle technology because the cars might cut into their profitable spare parts market, as electric cars have far fewer moving parts than combustion vehicles. XPH is your home for BMW, Audi, Ford Mustang, VW, Porsche and Nissan GTR aftermarket parts. Hero of Alexandria is credited with many such wind and steam powered machines in the 1st century AD, including the Aeolipile and the vending machine, often these machines were associated with worship, such as animated altars and automated temple doors. With cruise control. F250 pick-up. E250-350 vans. 5yr warranty, RAM 2009-2014 camshaft, valve lifters, and installation $3100, New clutch kit for 2007 Jeep Wrangler 3.8, Two Sets Of Disc Brake Caliper Bolts - Front- 30044337 0118 /GA, Two Sets Of Disc Brake Caliper Bolts - Rear - AUTOZONE/ DURALAST H1594, Wheather tech floor liners f-150 accessories, www.PAINTEDAUTOBODYPARTS.com AUTO BODY PARTS, BUMPERS FENDERS HOODS, Access Tonneau Cover - Silverado 2500 6.5', For Sale: Nice Matching set of 4 used tires 285/45/22 Bridgestone. With turbo. An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an internal working fluid is heated by combustion of an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. Major improvements included lower production costs, quieter operation, extensive weight reduction, and the advent of a nickelmetal hydride battery (NiMH). Escape. If you can not find your vehicle in the chart and need more information, leave a comment, then I will get back to you soon! 5.2L, without supercharger, code: fr3a-eua. WebOpportunity Zones are economically distressed communities, defined by individual census tract, nominated by Americas governors, and certified by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury via his delegation of that authority to the Internal Revenue Service. Our Explorer Replacement Parts have a Nationwide Ford Warranty and you can find Accessories at great prices. WebThe Last Towel Individually packed, cross bars allow the mounting of select carriers. 2013-14. Contoured design complements vehicle lines and gives excellent protection. With auto park, 2.3L. GM, which was also joined by other automakers, battled against CARB regulations, going as far as to sue CARB in federal court. It is also the force exerted on a ship as a consequence of its propeller accelerating the water passing through it. Catch Code-EAY4. Many, including members of the CARB hearing committee, were concerned that this was a bait-and-switch on the automakers' part, in order to make CARB eliminate the EV mandate, and that hydrogen was not as viable an alternative as it was made to seem. 131.6 wheelbase, lincoln. Without radio controls. Cold weather states. At lower speeds, and when stationary, the car produced little to no noise at all, save for a slight whine from the single-speed gear reduction unit. [16] Diesel engines are also 40% more fuel efficient than comparable gasoline engines.[16]. 2.0l. The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. Like motor oil, there are several types of them. From 05/01/2015. It can get you to the Mountains or to the Office in comfort and style. [61], The automaker also cited the elimination of the CARB zero-emissions mandate as a factor in the program's cancellation, though the company was widely accused of lobbying against the mandate in an act of deliberate self-sabotage. Torque is a turning moment on a shaft and is calculated by multiplying the force causing the moment by its distance from the shaft. Trans Mount, Upper Trans Mount, Insulator Assembly, Bracket Rivet, Door Trim Panel Lower Clip, Pin. [citation needed]. They were used in the Volkswagen Beetle, the Citron 2CV, some Porsche and Subaru cars, many BMW and Honda motorcycles, and propeller aircraft engines. [71], In 2019 a red EV1 was found inside a multistorey car park in Atlanta in a "barn find" state. Then a new refrigerant oil emerged as a result of the introduction of R-134a to replace R-12. [12] General Motors also allegedly gave models to research institutions with EV1s being found in the wild near universities often in states of disrepair.[13]. Full Floating Axle. Dohc. 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[47] Drivers feared that their working cars would be destroyed after GM took them back under the terms of the lease.[31]. The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 operates with a W16 engine, meaning that two V8 cylinder layouts are positioned next to each other to create the Wshape sharing the same crankshaft. At the time of release, the leadacid battery-equipped EV1 was the only electric car produced which met all of the United States Department of Energy's EV America performance goals.[80]. GM Volt Electric Car ASPO USA", "CRS Report: 96-191 The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles NLE", "Remarks by US President Bill Clinton at Clean Car Event", "Office of Science and Technology Policy | The White House", "General Motors EV1 picture and photo gallery and history", "The General Motors/HEV Is Targeted for Consumer Acceptance", "2014 Chevrolet Spark EV: Worth the Extra Charge?
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